Retro-Odontoid Pseudotumor Formation in the Context of Various Acquired and Congenital Pathologies of the Craniovertebral Junction and Surgical Techniques

Retro-odontoid pseudotumor formation consists of an abnormal growth of granulation tissue typically posterior to the odontoid process, resulting as a manifestation of atlantoaxial instability.This instability can occur as a result of conditions ranging from severe mechanical trauma to metabolic disease or autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid ar

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The colorful mantle of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa expresses a homolog of electrogenic sodium: Bicarbonate cotransporter 2 that mediates the supply of inorganic carbon to photosynthesizing symbionts.

Giant clams live in symbiosis with phototrophic dinoflagellates, which reside extracellularly inside zooxanthellal tubules located mainly in the colourful and extensible outer mantle.As symbiotic dinoflagellates have no access to the ambient seawater, they need to obtain inorganic carbon (Ci) from the host for photosynthesis during illumination.The

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A modified surgical approach for hard and soft tissue reconstruction of severe periimplantitis defects: laser-assisted periimplant defect regeneration (LAPIDER)

Abstract Background The main problem in periimplantitis is often the combination of severe read more periimplant bone loss with a contaminated implant surface and an insufficient soft tissue situation.Classic surgical concepts with crestal access to the bony defect and debridement of the surface most often lead to partial defect regeneration and a

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